軸承是機(jī)械設(shè)備的關(guān)鍵零部件之一。軸承的任一缺陷都可引起設(shè)備的故障，乃至嚴(yán)重的事故。而保證軸承正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和較長使用壽命的重要因素之一，就是必須保證軸承有良好的潤滑。（Bearing is one of the key parts of mechanical equipment. Any defect of the bearing can cause equipment failure and even serious accidents. One of the important factors to ensure the normal operation and long service life of bearings is to ensure that bearings have good lubrication.）

 

　　一、 手動(dòng)潤滑油（Manual lubricants）

 

　　在發(fā)現(xiàn)軸承潤滑油不足時(shí)，適時(shí)用加油器供油，這是最原始的方法。這種方法難以保持油量一定，因疏忽而忘記加油的危險(xiǎn)較大，通常只用于輕載、低速或間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)的場合。最好在加油孔上設(shè)置防塵蓋或球閥，并用毛氈、棉、毛等作過濾裝置。

 

　　It is the most original method to supply oil in time when the lubricating oil is insufficient. This method is difficult to maintain a certain amount of oil, because negligence and forget to refuel the greater danger, usually used only for light-duty, low-speed or intermittent movement occasions. It is better to install dust cover or ball valve on the fuel hole, and use felt, cotton and wool as filter device.

 

　　二、油杯滴油潤滑（ Drip lubrication of oil cup.）

 

　　通過油杯中的節(jié)油口向軸承滴油進(jìn)行潤滑的一種潤滑方式.油杯滴油潤滑的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，使用方便，省油。而且供油量可以由節(jié)油口進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，一般滴油量以每3-8秒一滴為宜，因?yàn)?，過多的油量會(huì)引起軸承溫升增加。缺點(diǎn)是對(duì)潤滑油的粘度有一定要求，不能使用粘度大的潤滑油，沒有散熱功能。油杯滴油潤滑適用于低速輕載工作溫度較低的場合。

 

　　It is a lubricating way to lubricate the bearing oil through the oil-saving mouth of the oil cup. The advantages of oil-dropping lubrication of the oil cup are simple structure, convenient use and oil saving. And the fuel supply can be regulated by the throttle, the general amount of oil to every 3-8 seconds a drop is appropriate, because too much oil will cause bearing temperature rise. The disadvantage is that there is a certain requirement for the viscosity of the lubricating oil, can not use a high viscosity lubricating oil, no heat dissipation function. The drip lubrication of the oil cup is suitable for low temperature and light load working conditions.

 

　　三、油?。ń停櫥∣il bath (immersion) lubrication.）

 

　　把軸承部分浸入潤滑油中，通過軸承運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后將油帶入到軸承其它部分的一種潤滑方式。油浴潤滑是使用最為普遍而簡便的潤滑方式之一。

 

　　A lubrication method in which the bearing part is immersed in lubricating oil and the oil is carried into the other parts of the bearing after running through the bearing. Oil bath lubrication is one of the most common and simple lubrication methods.

 

　　考慮到油浴潤滑時(shí)的攪拌損耗及溫升，對(duì)于水平軸，軸承部分侵入潤滑油中的高度應(yīng)有一定限制，一般將油面控制在軸承最下面滾動(dòng)體的中心附近。油?。ń停櫥瑵櫥浞?，但供油量不易調(diào)節(jié)，若油箱中沒有過濾裝置容易把雜質(zhì)帶入軸承內(nèi)部損傷軸承，油?。ń停┮话氵m用于低速或中速場合，在低轉(zhuǎn)速軸承上使用較為普遍。

 

　　Considering the stirring loss and temperature rise in oil bath lubrication, the height of the bearing penetrating into the lubricating oil should be limited to a certain extent for the horizontal shaft. Generally, the oil level should be controlled near the center of the rolling body at the bottom of the bearing. Oil bath (immersion) lubrication, full lubrication, but the oil supply is not easy to adjust, if there is no filter device in the tank easy to bring impurities into the bearing internal damage bearing, oil bath (immersion) is generally suitable for low or medium speed occasions, low speed bearings used more generally.

 

　　可分離的加強(qiáng)肋可裝在軸承座的底部以減少攪動(dòng)和/或散熱。靜態(tài)油位應(yīng)稍低于應(yīng)用于水平軸的軸承最低滾動(dòng)體的中心，對(duì)于垂直軸，靜態(tài)油位應(yīng)覆蓋50%-80%的滾動(dòng)體。如果使用油浴系統(tǒng)軸承的溫度比較高可以改為使用滴漏方式，飛濺或循環(huán)油系統(tǒng)。

 

　　Detachable reinforcing ribs can be mounted at the bottom of the bearing housing to reduce stir and / or heat dissipation. The static oil level should be slightly lower than the center of the lowest rolling element of the bearing applied to the horizontal shaft. For the vertical shaft, the static oil level should cover 50% - 80% of the rolling element. If the temperature of the bearings used in the oil bath system is relatively high, it can be changed to use drip mode, splash or circulating oil system.

 

　　四、飛濺潤滑（Splash lubrication）

 

　　通過其它運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)零件將油飛濺后帶入軸承的一種潤滑方式。飛濺潤滑供油量不易調(diào)節(jié)，潤滑油面也不能太高，否則容易產(chǎn)生攪拌損耗及溫升，還容易將油箱中的雜質(zhì)帶入軸承內(nèi)部損傷軸承。

 

　　A lubrication method that splashes oil into bearings through other operating parts. Splash lubrication oil supply is not easy to adjust, lubricating oil surface can not be too high, otherwise easy to produce stirring loss and temperature rise, but also easy to bring impurities into the oil tank bearing internal damage bearing.

 

　　在飛濺潤滑中，油通過裝在軸上的旋轉(zhuǎn)體（葉輪或“拋油環(huán)”）飛濺到軸承上，軸承不浸沒在油中。

 

　　In splash lubrication, oil is splashed onto the bearing through a rotating body (impeller or "oil throwing ring") mounted on the shaft, and the bearing is not immersed in the oil.

 

　　在齒輪箱中，齒輪和軸承經(jīng)常與作為拋油環(huán)的齒輪共用一臺(tái)油箱。由于齒輪用油的粘度可能與軸承要求的不同，而且油中含來自齒輪的磨損微粒，可分離的潤滑系統(tǒng)或方法可供改善軸承壽命。

 

　　In gearboxes, gears and bearings often share an oil tank with the gears used as oil throws. Since the viscosity of gear oil may be different from that required by bearings, and the oil contains wear particles from the gears, a separable lubrication system or method can be used to improve the bearing life.

 

　　五、循環(huán)油潤滑（Lubrication of circulating oil）

 

　　通過油泵將潤滑油從油箱吸油后輸送到軸承需要潤滑的部位，然后從回油口返回油箱，經(jīng)過濾后重新使用的一種潤滑方式。

 

　　A lubrication system in which oil is pumped from the tank to the lubricated part of the bearing and then returned to the tank from the oil return port for reuse after filtration.

 

　　循環(huán)油潤滑潤滑充分、供油量容易控制、散熱和除雜質(zhì)能力強(qiáng)。循環(huán)油潤滑適用于以散熱或除雜質(zhì)為目的的場合，以及高速高溫、重載的場合，使用可靠性高。循環(huán)油潤滑是一種比較理想的潤滑方式。但需要獨(dú)立的供油系統(tǒng)，制造成本相對(duì)較高。供油系統(tǒng)由油泵、冷卻器、過濾器、油箱、輸油管道等組成。

 

　　The circulating oil is lubricated and lubricated sufficiently, the fuel supply is easy to control, the heat dissipation and the impurity removal ability are strong. Circulating oil lubrication is suitable for the occasion of heat dissipation or impurity removal, as well as high speed, high temperature, heavy load occasions, high reliability. Circulating oil lubrication is an ideal lubrication method. But independent oil supply system is needed, and the manufacturing cost is relatively high. The oil supply system consists of an oil pump, a cooler, a filter, an oil tank, and an oil pipeline.

 

　　循環(huán)油潤滑包含：噴油潤滑、強(qiáng)制潤滑和噴霧潤滑。它們分類的角度不同。

 

　　Circulating oil lubrication includes injection lubrication, forced lubrication and spray lubrication. They are classified at different angles.

 

　　六、油霧潤滑（Oil mist lubrication.）

 

　　將潤滑油在油霧發(fā)生器中，利用壓縮空氣與少量的潤滑油混合后形成油霧，然后輸送到軸承潤滑部位的一種潤滑方式。

 

　　A lubrication method in which lubricating oil is mixed in an oil mist generator with compressed air and a small amount of lubricating oil to form an oil mist and then transferred to the lubricating part of a bearing.

 

　　油霧潤滑攪拌損耗及溫升小，省油，油中的雜質(zhì)少，而且油霧噴射時(shí)產(chǎn)生的氣流具有一定的降溫效果，還可以有效地防止雜質(zhì)侵入或排出雜質(zhì)。但潤滑裝置成本較高，對(duì)使用油的粘度有一定要求，否則將達(dá)不到霧化效果。另外，潤滑時(shí)如果密封不嚴(yán)，有部分油霧可能會(huì)散逸到空氣中污染環(huán)境，必要時(shí)應(yīng)使用油氣分離器來收集油霧。油霧潤滑適用于高速場合。

 

　　Oil mist lubrication stirring loss and temperature rise is small, fuel-saving, less impurities in oil, and oil mist spray generated by the air flow has a certain cooling effect, but also can effectively prevent the invasion or discharge of impurities. However, the cost of lubricating device is high, and the viscosity of oil is required, otherwise the atomization effect will not be achieved. In addition, if the seal is not tight, some of the oil mist may escape into the air to pollute the environment, if necessary, oil and gas separators should be used to collect oil mist. Oil mist lubrication is suitable for high speed applications.

 

　　七、噴油潤滑（Fuel injection lubrication）

 

　　采用高壓噴射的方法，將潤滑油噴射至軸承內(nèi)，對(duì)軸承實(shí)施潤滑的一種潤滑方式。當(dāng)軸承高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，滾動(dòng)體和保持架也以相當(dāng)高的轉(zhuǎn)速旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而在軸承的周圍形成空氣渦流，若采用一般潤滑方式，潤滑油不易到達(dá)潤滑部位。另一方面，由于高速產(chǎn)生的離心力，潤滑油很難保持在潤滑部位。為確保有足量而不過量的潤滑油供給高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軸承，必須從軸承一端將潤滑油強(qiáng)制噴入進(jìn)行潤滑，然后再由另一端重新流入油箱。

 

　　High-pressure injection method is used to inject lubricating oil into the bearing and lubricate the bearing. When the bearing runs at high speed, the roller and cage also rotate at a fairly high speed, thus forming an air swirl around the bearing. If the general lubrication method is adopted, the lubricating oil is not easy to reach the lubricating part. On the other hand, due to centrifugal force generated at high speed, lubricating oil is hard to maintain at lubrication. In order to ensure that there is sufficient and not excessive lubricant to supply high-speed bearings, lubricant must be forced from one end of the bearing into lubrication, and then from the other end re-flow into the tank.

 

　　潤滑系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，應(yīng)使高壓噴嘴的位置位于內(nèi)圈和保持架中心之間，并通過離心作用將潤滑油甩向外滾道。為了有效地進(jìn)行潤滑軸承，潤滑油的噴射速度應(yīng)不低于15m/s。

 

　　In lubrication system design, the high pressure nozzle should be located between the inner ring and the center of the cage, and the lubricating oil should be thrown out of the raceway by centrifugal action. In order to lubricate bearings effectively, the injection speed of lubricating oil should be no less than 15m/s.

 

　　從運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度看，噴油潤滑常用于低或中載荷下以較高轉(zhuǎn)速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軸承；從軸承受力方向看，噴油潤滑常用于垂直或傾斜軸上的軸承，而且潤滑油通常直接注入軸承。

 

　　In terms of operating speed, oil-injection lubrication is often used for bearings operating at higher speeds under low or medium loads; in terms of bearing force direction, oil-injection lubrication is often used for bearings on vertical or inclined shafts, and oil is usually injected directly into bearings.

 

　　八、油氣潤滑（ Oil and gas lubrication）

 

　　油氣潤滑通常適用于軸承運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度較高的場合，油氣潤滑系統(tǒng)將少量的潤滑油和一定壓力的氣體混合，然后供給給軸承。這種方法適合高速應(yīng)用，諸如機(jī)床，煉油化工行業(yè)一般較少使用。

 

　　Hydro-pneumatic lubrication is usually used in the case of high speed bearings. Hydro-pneumatic lubrication system mixes a small amount of lubricating oil with a certain pressure of gas, and then supplies the bearings. This method is suitable for high speed applications, such as machine tools, refinery and chemical industry.